Anatomy 2.

Human Anatomy Help

Table of Contents
Dissector
     Navigation
     Cadaveric Images
     Figures
     References
Quiz
     Practice Practical
     Graded Exams
Index

The Table of Contents provides convenient access directly to the seven regional units and their corresponding dissection laboratories. Also contained in the Table of Contents are links to the Preface, Acknowledgments, andIntroduction.

Dissector

Information in Human Anatomy Online is organized into the following anatomical regions consisting of a total of 44 dissection laboratories:

Back and Spinal Cord: Dissection Laboratories 1 to 2
Upper Extremity: Dissection Laboratories 3 to 10
Lower Extremity: Dissection Laboratories 11 to 17
Thorax: Dissection Laboratories 18 to 21
Head and Neck: Dissection Laboratories 22 to 34
Abdomen: Dissection Laboratories 35 to 40
Pelvis and Perineum: Dissection Laboratories 41 to 44

Navigation
Each laboratory assignment is divided into four basic sections: (1) overview, (2) osteology, (3) step-by-step dissection instructions and, (4) summary terms. (see the Introduction for more information).

The program navigation buttons, located near the top of the page, are used to advance through the outline.

The previous and next page buttons advance through the individual pages of the program and the outline button goes up one level in the programs organization. For example, from a dissection step, this button will go back to the laboratories Dissection Procedure page and from there, back to the laboratories Dissection Overview page.

Throughout the dissector, navigation to correlative information is facilitated by colored text known as "hot" text. Each color has a unique navigational utility, described below:

Magenta: Navigate to the screen described in the text.
Blue: Display the image or sequence described in the text. The symbol indicates this is a multiple image sequence.
Green: Display the illustrated figure described in the text.

Note: Some older browsers may not be capable of showing colored text. If the above color names do not appear in color then this browser is not capable of displaying colored text. The links will still be active as indicated with underlined text, however, and navigation will proceed as expected.

Cadaveric Images
Cadaveric Images related to the text of the discussion is displayed to the left of the descriptive text. If there is more than one image associated with the text of the discussion, a link to the other images will be provided in the form of a hypertext link. To move through the list of images in the order of their occurrence in the discussion, use the Previous and Next Image navigation buttons.

Cadaveric images are often accompanied by an orientation icon to help in the identification of the area on the cadaver from which the image was taken. The icons are positioned in such a way to show the same orientation of the cadaver when the photograph was taken.

There are full screen images for all of the cadaveric images which can be accessed by clicking once on the cadaveric image in the dissector. Full screen images appear in a separate window which may overlap the dissection window. When finished viewing the full screen image, close it by selecting the "close" command under the "file" menu item or by clicking on the box in the upper right hand corner of the window.

Figures
There are a series of hand drawn figures which are referenced throughout the dissector with a green hypertext link. Click once on the link to bring up the figure in a separate window. The figures are fully labeled with labels in blue indicating there are cadaveric images available for that particular structure. Click once anywhere on the blue text of a label to call up the cadaveric image. When finished viewing the figure, close the figure window by selecting the "close" command under the "file" menu item or by clicking on the box in the upper right hand corner of the window.

References
Most pages within the steps of a dissection contain links and references to these editions of commonly used atlases:

Grant's Atlas of Anatomy, 9th edition: by figure number
Netter's Atlas of Human Anatomy, 1tst and 2nd edition: by plate number
Rohen and Yokochi's Color Atlas of Anatomy, 3rd edition: by page number

Quiz

Human Anatomy Online contains an extensive bank of over 4500 questions in best-answer format. These questions can be accessed from a quiz section called the Practice Practical. In addition, if this program is being accessed from an institutional web sights, instructors from that sight my have created their own exams in a section called the Graded Exams.

The Practice Practical
In the Practice Practical, exams can be tailored to meet the specific requirements of the exam taker. From the Practice Practical title screen, select one of the seven body regions by clicking once on the corresponding part of the human figure. The skeletal icon in the upper right corner represents the osteology section. From here, the regions Quiz Overview screen will come into view. From the list that follows, one or more of the available categories can be selected by clicking on the check box next to the category. Clicking a checked box a second time will unselect it. After all of the desired categories are selected, scroll to the bottom of the page and click on the "Start Quiz" button to begin the quiz.

At the start of each quiz a dialog box will appear indicating the number of questions to be asked as compiled from the selected categories. Each question is asked only once therefore, because some questions overlap more than one category, the number of questions in a given exam may be less that the total questions from the individual categories.

Questions are displayed one at a time in random order. The format is always best-answer from a list of possible answers as they relate to the structure(s) in the accompanying image. Pay close attention to the hints that accompany some of the questions. To answer the question, position the cursor over the answer of choice and click the mouse once. An answer screen will follow showing the correct answer to the question along with screen buttons that, when click, show the score for the current question, the overall score for the exam so far, and a count of how many questions are left in the exam. In addition, there will usually be a link back to the dissector where the structure in question is discussed in detail. The link will open the dissector in another window. After reviewing the dissector, close the window to return to the exam.

The exam may be continued to it's conclusion or stopped at any time by navigating to another location in the program using the menu bar at the top of the screen. The Practice Practical is designed for the benefit of self evaluation only and scores are therefore not stored on the computer.

The Graded Exams
Graded Exams may be created for use by some institutions. If so, they can be access from an option in the main menu of the Quiz title screen. As the name implies, scores from Graded Exams are stored for future analysis on a computer at the web site of the hosting institution. There may or may not be a password requirement to begin the Graded Exam. In any case, scores will be stored and referenced via a login name. Contact the administrator of the hosting institution for more information.

Graded Exams are similar in format to the Practice Practical with the exception that there is no question feedback nor are their any links to the dissector. Because this is a graded exam, it must be completed before control is returned back to the main program. It is important to note that the time spent on each question is also recorded and a time penalty may be assessed against your final score.

To record the answer to a question in the Graded Exam, click on the radio button next to the answer of choice and then click on the "Submit" button located at the bottom of the list. Submitting a question without selecting an answer first will cause the question to be counted as wrong.

The final score and a conformation message indicating the results have been fully recorded will be displayed upon the completion of the exam

1st CLASS REVISION :

1.Bones of upper limb
a. Scapula : - supraglenoid tubercle - infraglenoid tubercle
- glenoid cavity - librum gleinodal
- coracoid process - suprascapular notch
- subscapular fossa ( subscapularis) - serratus anterior att.
- supraspinous n infraspinous m. - latissimus muscle att.
- Levator scapulae m.
- Rhomboidous minor n major
- teres minor n major
- acromion ( acromio-clavicular joint )
- spinoglenoid notch

b. Clavicle : - sternal end ( sterno-clavicular joint )
- acromial end ( acromio-clavicular joint )
-pectoralis major n sternomastoid m. - deltiod and trapizeus m.
- groove of subclavius ( subclavius m. ) - trapezoid line

c. Humerus : - head - neck ( anatomical n surgical )
- lesser tuberosity - SIT muscles
- Bicipital groove ( TLP ) - Brachialis m.
- Deltoid tuberosiry (deltoid m. ) - Coracobrachialis m.
- Medial n lateral epicondyle - coronoid fossa
- radial fossa - trochlea
- capitulum - spiral groove ( lat n med head tricep )
- olecranon fossa -lateral n medial supracondylar ridge

d. Radius : -Head ( radial fossa ) - Neck
-annular ligament around head - ant muscles ( FDS, FPL, PQ )
- Post muscles ( APL, EPB ) - radial tuberosity
- interosseous border - ulnar notch

e. Ulnar : - coronoid process - Ant muscles ( FDS, PQ )
- radial notch - head of ulnar
- interosseous border - olecranon
- post muscles ( APL, EPL , EI )

2. Bones of pelvis
a. Hip Bones : - ext n int iliac crest (ext n int oblique ) - ant. sup. iliac spine ( inguinal lig. )
- ant. inf. iliac spine - iliac fossa - iliacus muscle
- iliac tuberosity - sacro iliac joint
- arcuate line - pectineal line ( pectineal lig. )
- att of psoas major m. - body of pubis
- pubic tubercle - pubic crest
- symphysis pubis - ant pubic rami
- obturator forament - obturatr internus muscle
- greater n lesser sciatic

b.Sacrum : - sacral promontary -ALA of sacrum ( LIO )
- Median Sacral artery - Iliacus muscle
- sympathetic chain - Piriformis m.
- Ventral n dorsal sacral forament - sacral canal
- coocygeus n levator ani m.

c. Lumbar Vertebrae : - typical ( L1-L4 )   - Atypical ( L5 )
- have pedicle - no pedicle
- ligamentum flava ( at lamina ) - has also
- ant longitudinal lig - has also
- post longitudinal lig - has
- supraspinous lig - has
- interspinous lig - has
- mamillary n acessory process - has

3. Thoraxic Bone :
a. Sternum : - manubrium - body - xiphoid
- suprasternal notch - clavicular notch - sternomastoid
- ant muscles ( pect. major, rectus abd. , linea alba)
-post muscles ( sternohyoid, sternothyroid, sernocostalis )

b. Vertebrae : Look at their body,spine,ligaments.
c. Rib : Look at their head, shaft , ligament n joints

4. Thoraxic organs :
a. Heart ; - trabeculae carnae
-2 sulci ( coronary n ant n post interventricular )
- papillary muscle - chordae tendinae
- cusps of tricuspid n mitral valve
- circumflex artery, coronary artery, interventricular art.
- interior of right atrium

b. Lungs : - Impression of both lungs ( important ) - hilum ( important )

2nd CLASS REVISION
1. abdominal organs :
a. Liver : - falciform lig - lig. teres
- IVC - 2 hepatic v.
- all impression - caudate n quadrate
- portal v - common bile duct
-cystic duct - bare area

b. Spleen : - splenic notch - all impression

c. Large intestine ; - appendices
- sacculations
- taena coli

d. small intentine : - differentiate between jejunum n ileum

e. Stomach : - cardiac in ( gastro-oesophageal junction )
- pyloric in ( pyluro-doudenal junction )
- greater curvature ( greater omentum n rt n lt gastroepiploic vessels )
- lesser curvature ( lesser omentum n rt n lt gastric vessels )
-fundus of stomach
- pylorus

f. Pancrease : - head - uncinate
- neck - body
-tail - portal vein
- doudenum - sup. messentric
- splenic vein

g. Diaphragm ; - left crus -right crus
- central tendon - 3 openings

h. Kidney : - right    left
-anteriorly : -SSSLC - anteriorly : SSSSPC
-posteriorly : DPQT n 12th rib - posteriorly : DPQT n11th n 12th ribs