1. Health and disease. Pathologic reaction, pathologic process and pathologic
condition. Contemporary view on disease.
2. Etiology and pathogenesis – definition. Contemporary view on etiology.
3. Basic mechanisms for disease development and progression.
4. Reactivity and resistance of the organism – significance, essence. Factors
influencing reactivity and resistance. Types of reactivity and resistance.
5. Allergy – definition, types, mechanisms.
6. Disorders of peripheral circulation – arterial and venous hyperemia, ischemia,
infarction. Thrombosis and embolism.
7. Lipid metabolism disorders – abnormal digestion and absorbtion of lipids in
gastrointestinal tract. Disordered lipid transport in the blood. Dyslipidemias.
8. Obesity – definition, types, pathogenesis.
9. Lipoproteins – types. Atherosclerosis – pathogenesis.
10. Carbohydrate metabolism disorders – abnormal digestion and absorbtion of
carbohydrates. Changes in blood glucose levels – hyper- and hypoglycemias.
11. Diabetus mellitus – etiology, pathogenesis, pathobiochemistry, complications.
12. Protein metabolism disorders - abnormal digestion and absorbtion of proteins.
Changes in serum proteins.
13. Abnormalities in the end-stage protein metabolism - hyperazotemias. Gout.
14. Water-electrolyte blance disorders – dehydration and hyperhydration.
15. Oedemas – definition, types, pathogenesis.
16. Mineral metabolism disorders (Ca, P, Mg).
17. Acid-base balance disorders – basic characteristics, parameters,
compensations.
18. Characteristics of the main acid-base disorders.
19. Hypoxia – definition, parameters. Hypoxia classification. Adaptations.
20. Types of hypoxia – characteristics.
21. Inflammation – definition and biologic significance. Etiology and
pathogenesis. Classification and outcome of inflammation. Cardinal clinical
signs of inflammation.
22. Inflammation – alterative phase. Inflammatory mediators. Vascular changes.
Inflammatory cellular response. Proliferative processes. Metabolic alterations.
23. Fever – etiology and pathogenesis. Fever significance. Fever stages.
Metabolism with fever. Alterations in organ and system functions.
24. Neoplasms – basic characteristics. Etiology of neoplasms. Stages of
cancerogenesis. Tumor-organism interactions.
25. Basic mechanisms disturbing lung function and gas exchange – airway
obstruction. Asthma. COPD.
26. Basic mechanisms disturbing lung function and gas exchange – restrictive
disorders. Etiology and pathogenesis of pulmonary oedema.
27. Mechanisms responsible for pulmonary gas exchange disorders. Changes in
V/Q ratio, pulmonary gas exchange abnormalities, alveolar hypoventilation
syndrome, breathing control disorders.
28. Respiratory failure – definition, pathogenesis, types.
29. Heart failure. Compensatory mechanisms. Definition, etiology, pathogenesis
and types.
30. Coronary artery disease – definition, types, pathogenesis.
31. Arterial hypertension – essential hypertension. Etiology, pathogenesis.
Secondary (symptomatic) hypertension.
32. Hypotension – acute circulatory insufficiency – syncope, shock – definition,
types, etiology, pathogenesis.
33. Anemias – definition and classification. Posthemorrhagic anemias. Anemias
due to abnormalities in hemopoesis – iron-defficient anemia, В12 – and folic
acid defficient anemias, hypo- and aplastic anemias.
34. Hemolytic anemias.
35. Leucosis – etiology, pathogenesis, types.
36. Hemostatic abnormalities (hemorrhagic and thromboembolic diathesis).
37. Digestive system abnormalities. Gastritis and ulcers – etiology and
pathogenesis.
38. Digestive system abnormalities: pancreatitis, ileus, gastrointestinal
autointoxication.
39. Etiology and pathogenesis of liver disorders. Hepatitis. Liver cirrhosis.
40. Functional manifestations of liver disease – jaundice, portal hypertension,
ascites. Hepatic encephalopathy.
41. Etiology and pathogenesis of kidney disorders. Functional syndromes.
42. Etiology and pathogenesis of acute and chronic renal failure.
43. Etiology and pathogenesis of endocrine disorders.
44. Disturbances in thyroid function.
45. Disturbances in adrenal function.
46. Etiology and pathogenesis of nervous system disorders.
47. Pain – definition, pathogenesis, types.