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Urology Powerpoint (PPT) Presentation / Slide
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Credits:
Department of Urology and Renal Transplant,
Sri Ramachandra Medical College.
Urology 1
LECTURE NOTES OF UROLOGY
http://www.4shared.com/office/3qpuc3uG/Benign_Prostatic_Hyperplasia_f.html
http://www.4shared.com/office/le30dbTa/blood_transfusion.html
http://www.4shared.com/office/yN6t-Xup/BurnManagement.html
http://www.4shared.com/office/vHsrhoKr/Circumcision_and_Hydrocelectom.html
http://www.4shared.com/office/55DkdDIa/fluids_and_electrolytes.html
http://www.4shared.com/office/qoteG-Wx/imaging_in_urology_basic_conce.html
http://www.4shared.com/office/aZEJKT4i/imaging_in_urology_basic_conce.html
http://www.4shared.com/office/q2u5rpoK/introduction_to_urology_1.html
http://www.4shared.com/office/8CXzCw2w/introduction_to_urology_2.html
http://www.4shared.com/office/PYhwcyvW/introduction_to_urology_3.html
http://www.4shared.com/office/nkpY6zCo/scrotal_swellings.html
http://www.4shared.com/office/8q6-TKp7/Shock.html
http://www.4shared.com/office/SACsUAuB/Urethral_Stricture.html
http://www.4shared.com/office/TcRxAUvw/varicocele.html
http://www.4shared.com/office/F2WmMSt5/Testicular_Cancer.html
-Signs Symptoms-urological diseases
http://www.4shared.com/get/2KVLQUlL/L2-Signs_Symptoms-urological_d.html
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Erectile dysfunction
Open operations on kidney
Trauma in urology
Urethral strictures
Anatomy of GU tract
Examination & imaging methods in urology
Examination & treatmant of urinary tract stones
Symptoms of urological diseases
Urinary tract infections - Sexually Transmitted Diseases
UROLOGY POWERPOINT PRESENTATIONS
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Urinary Tract Disorders PPT SLIDE - Lolly Eldridge, M.D |
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Urinary Risk Factors for Bladder Cancer PPT SLIDE - ICD-9-CM Coordination and Maintenance Committee Meeting. |
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STONE DISEASE ( Brief Overview ) PPT SLIDE - Dr. Sunil Shroff, MS, FRCS (UK), D.Urol (Lond.), Professor & HOD, Dept. of Urology, Sri Ramachandra Medical College & Research Institution Consultant Urologist & Renal Transplant Surgeon, Sri Ramachandra Hospital, Porur, Madras. |
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Urinary Bladder Primary Tumor PPT SLIDE (AJCC Cancer Staging Manual, Sixth Edition) |
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Erectile Dysfunction and Hormones PPT SLIDE : An Integrated View - Alvaro Morales Professor of Urology Queen’s University Kingston, Canada |
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PROSTATE NEOPLASIA PPT SLIDE - BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA AND PROSTATE CANCER |
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Urogenital Diseases of Food & Fiber, Equine and Domestic Animals PPT SLIDE |
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Bladder Function and Dysfunction after Neurologic Insult PPT SLIDE : Preventing Secondary Conditions and Improving Function |
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Functions of the Urinary System PPT SLIDE |
Nephrolithiasis refers to the condition of having kidney stones. Urolithiasis refers to the condition of having calculi in the urinary tract (which also includes the kidneys), which may form or pass into the urinary bladder. Ureterolithiasis is the condition of having a calculus in the ureter, the tube connecting the kidneys and the bladder.
Kidney stones typically leave the body by passage in the urine stream, and many stones are formed and passed without causing symptoms. If stones grow to sufficient size before passage on the order of at least 2-3 millimeters they can cause obstruction of the ureter. The resulting obstruction causes dilation or stretching of the upper ureter and renal pelvis as well as muscle spasm of the ureter, trying to move the stone. This leads to pain, most commonly felt in the flank, lower abdomen and groin (renal colic). Renal colic can be associated with nausea and vomiting. There can be blood in the urine, visible with the naked eye or under the microscope (macroscopic or microscopic hematuria) due to damage to the lining of the urinary tract.
There are several types of kidney stones based on the type of crystals of which they consist. The majority are calcium oxalate stones, followed by calcium phosphate stones. More rarely, struvite stones are produced by urea-splitting bacteria in people with urinary tract infections, and people with certain metabolic abnormalities may produce uric acid stones or cystine stones.
http://embedit.in/Yqo9hJAg2q.swf
Benign prostatic hyperplasia refers to the increase in size of the prostate in middle-aged and elderly men.It is characterized by hyperplasia of prostatic stromal and epithelial cells, resulting in the formation of large, fairly discrete nodules in the periurethral region of the prostate. When sufficiently large, the nodules compress the urethral canal to cause partial, or sometimes virtually complete, obstruction of the urethra, which interferes the normal flow of urine. It leads to symptoms of urinary hesitancy, frequent urination, dysuria, increased risk of urinary tract infections, and urinary retention.BPH is not considered to be a premalignant lesion.
Adenomatous prostatic growth is believed to begin at approximately age 30 years. An estimated 50% of men have histologic evidence of BPH by age 50 years and 75% by age 80 years. In 40-50% of these patients, BPH becomes clinically significant
Androgens (testosterone and related hormones) are considered to play a permissive role in BPH by most experts. Dihydrotestosterone (DHT), a metabolite of testosterone, is a critical mediator of prostatic growth. DHT is synthesized in the prostate from circulating testosterone by the action of the enzyme 5α-reductase, type 2.
Rectal examination and transrectal ultrasonography. may reveal a markedly enlarged prostate, usually affecting the middle lobe.Often, blood tests(prostate specific antigen) levels are performed to rule out prostatic cancer.
The two main medications for management of BPH are alpha blockers and 5α-reductase inhibitors.
Voiding dysfunction is a common problem in children and accounts for as many as 40% of pediatric urology clinic visits.It is difficult to differentiate a pathologic pattern of urgency or incontinence due to an underlying urologic abnormality from benign conditions related to incomplete or abnormal toilet training. Normal voiding frequency in children is defined as 4-7 voids per day. Voiding symptoms (eg, urgency, frequency, incontinence) reflect alterations in urinary bladder function.
Infants regularly void by detrusor muscle contraction as much as hourly, with small voided volumes and incomplete bladder emptying. With increasing age, bladder function matures and bladder capacity increases. Children aged 2-5 years have increased awareness of bladder fullness and develop the ability to volitionally void or inhibit voiding until it is socially acceptable. During this period, acquisition of cortical control of micturition occurs. Many forms of voiding dysfunction can be thought of as a delay in the acquisition of daytime urinary control, which typically occurs by age 4 years.
Voiding Dysfunctional Disorders
- Minor Voiding Dysfunctional Disorders – Extraordinary daytime urinary frequency syndrome ,Giggle incontinence,Stress incontinence,Post void dribbling,Vaginal voiding,Primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis
- Moderate Voiding Dysfunctional Disorders – Overactive bladder/Urge Syndrome,Bladder Sphincter Dysnergia,Lazy bladder syndrome
- Major Voiding Dysfunctional Disorders – Hinman syndrome- non neruogenic neurogenic bladder,Ochoa (urofacial) syndrome,Hinman syndrome with Autosomal dominant inheritance & facial grimace when smiling,Myogenic detrusor failure
Cryptorchidism is the condition that absence of one or both testes from the scrotum. This usually represents failure of the testis descend, during fetal development from an abdominal position, through the inguinal canal, into the ipsilateral scrotum. About 3% of full-term and 30% of premature infant boys are born with at least one undescended testis, making cryptorchidism the most common birth defect of male genitalia. However, about 80% of cryptorchid testes descend by the first year of life , making the true incidence of cryptorchidism around 1% overall.
Approximately 80% of undescended testes are palpable and 20% are nonpalpable.19 Nonpalpable testes may be intra-abdominal or absent. Palpable testes may be undescended, ectopic, or retractile.Approximately 20-30% of patients with cryptorchidism have nonpalpable testes. Most intra-abdominal testes are found within a few centimeters of the internal ring. Absent or vanishing testes are thought to be due to an intrauterine or perinatal vascular event, most likely during late gestation since most of these testicular nubbins are found below the internal inguinal ring. Only 20-40% of nonpalpable testes are absent upon surgical exploration.
Undescended testes are associated with reduced fertility, increased risk of testicular germ cell tumors and psychological problems when the boy is grown. Undescended testes are also more susceptible to testicular torsion and infarction and inguinal hernias. To reduce these risks, undescended testes are usually brought into the scrotum in infancy by a surgical procedure called an Orchiopexy.