Pharmacology 4
Flashcards: Pharmacology - Exam 1 (104A)
What type of medications are used to treat Sinusitis?
broad spectrum antibiotics
*sometimes antihistamines, nasal corticosteroid inhalers, analgesics, decongestants and expectorants
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List the antiplatelet medications used to treat DVT
1. Aspirin (ASA)
2. ticlopidine hydrochloride (Ticlid)
3. clopidogrel hydrogen sulfate (Plavix)
4. ASA/dipyridamole (Aggrenox)
List the anticoagulant medications used to prevent DVT
1. unfractionated Heparin (low dose subQ)
2. Low molecular weight heparin
3. warfarin (Coumadin)
What do antiplatelet medications do?
prevents platelet aggregatin, thus slowing down clot formation
List the LMWH medications commonly used to prevent DVT
*enoxaparin (Lovenox)
*dalteparin (Fragmin)
*ardeparin (Normiflo)
*tinzaparin sodium (Innohep)
*fondaparinux sodium (Arixtra)
What is Heparin?
An anticoagulant
What is the antidote for Heparin?
Protamine Sulfate
Why is LMWH used over Heparin in some patients?
It has a longer 1/2 half and a more predictable response
What do the patient's Ptt levels need to be at when on Heparin therapy?
therapeutic levels of Ptt need to be 1-1.5 times the normal level
Ex: If Control is 25-35 seconds then the therapeutic level should be 50-70 seconds)
(Ptt levels greater than 70 seconds - notify Physician)
What does warfarin do?
inhibits the synthesis of vitamin K (works in the liver)
what should the INR level be at if a patient is not anticoagulated?
<1
what should the INR level be at if a patient is on therapeutic therapy for DVT?
for patients w/orthopedic surgery or for prevention of emboli in patients w/a-fib: INR 2-3 times control
**for patients w/prosthetic valve prophylaxis: 2.5-3.5 times the control
What type of medications are used to treat Sinusitis?
broad spectrum antibiotics
*sometimes antihistamines, nasal corticosteroid inhalers, analgesics, decongestants and expectorants
What types of medications are used to treat patients w/status asthmaticus?
*potent systemic bronchodilators
*steroids
*epinephrine
*oxygen
*IV fluids
What are the Coricosteroids used to treat asthma?
*anti-inflammatory agents*
INHALED:
1. flunisolide (Aerobid)
2. triamcinolone (azmacort)
3. fluticosone (Flovent)
4. budesonide (Pulmicort)
5. beclomethasone (Qvar)
SYSTEMIC:
*prednisone
What do corticosteroids do?
Decrease the antiinflammatory responses in the airway
What are some side effects of inhaled steroids?
*fungal infections in the mouth (rinse w/water after use)
*headache
What are some side effects of Prednisone?
*Increased blood sugar in diabetics or puts people at risk for diabetes
*insomnia
*increased appetite
List the SHORT ACTING Beta-2 agonists (bronchodilators) used to treat asthma
1. albuterol (Proventil, Accuneb) **most common**
2. levalbuterol (Xopenex)
3. pirbuterol (Maxair)
List the LONG ACTING Beta 2 agonists (bronchodilators) used to treat asthma
1. Salmeterol (Serevent) **most common**
2. formoterol (Foradil)
What do bronchodilators due for asthma patients?
bind to beta 2 agonist receptors in our smooth muscle which results in the relaxation of our airway's smooth muscle
What are some side effects of beta 2 agonists (bronchodilators)?
nervousness, restlessness, tremor, chest pain, insomnia, palpitations
List the combination steroid and long acting beta 2 agonist used for asthma
1. fluticasone/salmeterol (Advair)
2. budesonide/formoterol (Symbicort)
List the Anticholinergics used to treat asthma
1. iprtropium bromide (Atrovent)
2. tiotropium bromide (Spiriva)
List the combination anticholinergic and beta 2 agonists used to treat asthma
1. ipratropium bromide/albuterol (Combivent/Duoneb)
What do anticholinergics do?
Block the parasympathetic pathway and inhibit anticholerginic receptors in our bronchial smooth muscle tissue and produce local bronchodilation
What are the side effects of anticholinergics?
hypotension, headache, nervousness, dizziness
List the Xanthine derivatives used to treat asthma
1. theophylline (Theobid)
2. aminophylline
What should be monitored in patients taking theophylline?
DRUG LEVELS - possible toxicity
Signs of toxicity: nausea, anorexia, stomach cramps, diarrhea, confusion, headache, tachycardia, arrythmias, seizures
What do Xanthine derivatives do?
Relax smooth muscle in bronchial airways.
**Used most often in patients w/needed long-term treatment and control**
List the Mucolytics used to treat asthma
*acetylcysteine (Mucomyst)
*guaifenesin (Humabid)
What is important to tell a patient on Mucolytics?
KEEP HYDRATED
List the anti-inflammatory (mast cell stabilizers) meds used to treat asthma
1. cromolyn (Intal)
2. nedocromil (Tilade)
What do anti-inflammatory (mast cell stabilizers) do?
Prevent the release of histamine and slow reacting substance of aniphylaxis from sensitized mast cells
What are some side effects of mast cell stabilizers?
vertigo, headache, fatigue, chest pain, bronchiospasm, cough, unpleasant taste
List the Leukotriene modifiers used to treat asthma
1. zafirlukast (Accolate)
2. montelukast sodium (Singular)
3. zileuton (Zyflo)
What do Leukotriene modifiers do?
prevent airway edema and smooth muscle contraction
What is important to know about montelukast sodium (Singular)?
It has been know to cause depression and suicidal thoughts (Montel - icide)
What nebulizor medications are used on patients w/asthma?
*Albuterol
*Xopenex
*Atrovent
*Duoneb
Why are nebulizors used?
they provide faster relief than inhalers do
Flashcards: Pharmacology exam 2
Flashcards: Pharmacology - Exam 1 (104A)
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All 39 terms
Terms | Definitions |
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![]() 2. ticlopidine hydrochloride (Ticlid) 3. clopidogrel hydrogen sulfate (Plavix) 4. ASA/dipyridamole (Aggrenox) |
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![]() 2. Low molecular weight heparin 3. warfarin (Coumadin) |
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![]() *dalteparin (Fragmin) *ardeparin (Normiflo) *tinzaparin sodium (Innohep) *fondaparinux sodium (Arixtra) |
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![]() Ex: If Control is 25-35 seconds then the therapeutic level should be 50-70 seconds) (Ptt levels greater than 70 seconds - notify Physician) |
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![]() **for patients w/prosthetic valve prophylaxis: 2.5-3.5 times the control |
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![]() *sometimes antihistamines, nasal corticosteroid inhalers, analgesics, decongestants and expectorants |
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![]() *steroids *epinephrine *oxygen *IV fluids |
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![]() INHALED: 1. flunisolide (Aerobid) 2. triamcinolone (azmacort) 3. fluticosone (Flovent) 4. budesonide (Pulmicort) 5. beclomethasone (Qvar) SYSTEMIC: *prednisone |
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![]() *headache |
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![]() *insomnia *increased appetite |
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![]() 2. levalbuterol (Xopenex) 3. pirbuterol (Maxair) |
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![]() 2. formoterol (Foradil) |
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![]() 2. budesonide/formoterol (Symbicort) |
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![]() 2. tiotropium bromide (Spiriva) |
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![]() 2. aminophylline |
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![]() Signs of toxicity: nausea, anorexia, stomach cramps, diarrhea, confusion, headache, tachycardia, arrythmias, seizures |
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![]() **Used most often in patients w/needed long-term treatment and control** |
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![]() *guaifenesin (Humabid) |
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![]() 2. nedocromil (Tilade) |
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![]() 2. montelukast sodium (Singular) 3. zileuton (Zyflo) |
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![]() *Xopenex *Atrovent *Duoneb |
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![]() volatile liquid anesthetics; Obsolete: explosive and flammable; Slow, potent;Good analgesic; Nausea and vomiting after recovery; Salivation and respiratory secretion: muscarinic/cholinergic blocker used to stop |
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![]() volatile liquid anesthetics; Moderate speed, extremely potent; Safe; corrodes metal and reacts with rubber; Good hypnotic; poor analgesic/ muscle relaxant; Bradycardia; sensitize heart to catecholamines-->tachyarrhythmia; Caution with Epinephrine! Depress respiration; Halothane hepatitis Malignant hyperthermia - dandrolene = block Ca2+ release = antidote; Pediatric anesthesia= safe in children and infant ; Use with N20 (for analgesia); Elimination: exhalation |
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![]() Obsolete: nephrotoxicity Slowest, most potent Sweet vapor Less cardiac respiratory depression than halothane Better analgesic and muscle relaxant Low dose given discontinuously do not cause F- toxicity Used during first stage of labor Elimination: liver metabolism free F- renal failure |
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![]() Moderate speed; potent Sweet vapor Use with N2O (for analgesia) Better muscle relaxant than halothane Elimination: exhalation; small portion liver metabolism>free F- > may cause renal toxicity in lengthy procedures Seizure possibility; avoid use in seizure prone individuals Nausea and vomiting in recovery |
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![]() Most used inhalation anesthetics Isomer of enflurane No cardiac depression/sensitization of myocardium/ seizure No renal toxicity |
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![]() Successor to isofurane Extremely fast No metabolism toxicity free |
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![]() Little metabolism some renal toxicity; no perm. Damage |
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![]() Ultra short acting Barbiturates Seconds to work Bad analgesics; increase pain level Hypotension; bronchospasm Extensive metabolism (95%) by liver |
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![]() Ultra short acting Barbiturates Seconds to work Bad analgesics; increase pain level Hypotension; bronchospasm Extensive metabolism (95%) by liver |
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![]() Opiate for analgesia Neuromuscular blocker for muscle relaxation |
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![]() "special K"; "dissociative anesthesia": immobility, sedation; analgesia; amnesia Unpleasant dreams/hallucination days/weeks after use Ok in children Only used in high risk patients who cannot use vapor anesthetics |
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![]() New and popular Fast action Clear-headed recovery; good for outpatient use Awake minutes after cessation of drug Profound respiratory depression and hypotension |
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![]() + droperidol= Innovar: produce "Neuroleptic" effects; use for minor surgical/diagnostic procedures Slow induction + Nitrous Oxide = unconsciousness |
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![]() Rapid onset (<1min) and ultra-short duration (5-10 min) |
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![]() Topical use only due to pronounced toxicity Block catecholamine reuptake by nerve terminal in CNS/PNS Potentiation of SNS-->vessel constriction; up blood pressure and heart rate Block Dopamine reuptake by A10 dopamine neurons-->euphoria; abuse |
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![]() Topical use only |
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![]() standard; infiltration method slow onset and short duration |
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![]() slow onset, longer duration greater toxicity and potency than procaine or lidocaine Spinal anesthesia |
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![]() potent, versatile, faster and longer duration than procaine, more potent often administered with Epi to be rapidly absorbed Sedation and dizziness Cardia antiarrhythmic agent |
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![]() Like lidocaine with longer duration; not used topically |
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![]() Most potent, toxic, and longest acting available as ointment in US |
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![]() epidural route can cause cardiac toxicities |
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Flashcards: pharmacology basics
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Flashcards: Pharmacology Exam 2 Part 2
All 80 terms
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Flashcards: Pharmacology Exam 1 (obj. 1-31)
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![]() -OTC or non-prescription drug -investigational drugs -street or illicit drugs |
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![]() (listed by USP and NF) |
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![]() (adverse reaction) |
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![]() (males have more muscle than females) |
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![]() -1 in to 1½ in needle |
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