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BIO 3020
Pathophysiology
Course Mechanics
1. Pathophysiology vs. Pathology
2. Procedures
a.Text
b.Objectives
c.Tests
d. Grades
I. General Pathology
A. Disease at the Cellular Level
1. Adaptation
a. Atrophy
i.Causes
ii.Result
b. Hypertropy
c. Hyperplasia
i.Types
ii.Atypical Hyperplasia
d. Metaplasia
2. Injury
a. Occurrence
b. Injurious Stimuli
i.Hypoxia
ii.Chemicals
iii.Infectious Agents
iv.Immune Response
v.Nutritional Imbalances
vi.Physical Agents
(a). Temperature Extremes
(b). Pressure Changes
(c). Ionizing Radiation
(d). Mechanical Factors
c. Results of Injury: Accumulations
i.Water
(a). Cellular Swelling
(b). Hydropic Degeneration
ii.Lipids
(a). Mechanism
(b). Common Causes
(c). Fatty Change
iii.Calcium
(a). Mechanism
(b). Types
iv.Hyaline Change
3. Cell Death
a. Necrosis
b. Visible Results
c. Types (Gross)
i.Coagulative
ii.Liquifactive
iii.Caseous
iv. Fat Necrosis
v.Gangrene
4. Apoptosis
a. Meaning
b. Events
5. Somatic Death
a. versus necrosis
b. Events
i.Algor mortis
ii.Livor mortis
iii.Rigor mortis
iv.Postmortem autolysis
B. Fluid Distribution
1. Compartments
a. Intracellular
b. Extracellular
c. Total Water
2. Variations
a. Newborn
b. Effect of Fat
3. Shifts between Compartments
a. Between ICF and ISF
b. Between ISF and Plasma
i.Filtration Pressures
ii.Absorption Pressures
c. ISF Circulation
d. Lymph Flow
4. Edema
a. Definition
b. Mechanisms
i.Increased CHP
ii.Decreased COP
iii.Increased Capillary Permeability
iv.Lymph Flow Blockage
c. Locations
i.Localized
ii.Generalized
iii.In Body Spaces
d. Problems of Edema
i.Distances
ii.Pressure & Blood Flow
iii.Tissue Compression
iv.Blood Volume Loss
C. Immunity
1. Introduction
a. Components of Defense
b. Immune System Cells
i.Locations
ii.Cells
c. Antigens
i.Definition
ii.Characteristics
2. Humoral Response: B-Lymphocytes
a. Activation
b. Product: Immunoglobulins
i.Structure
ii.Direct Actions
iii.Indirect Actions
iv.Classes
3. Cell-Mediated Immunity: T-Lymphocytes
a. Actions & Cell Types
i.Cytotoxicity: Tc
ii.Delayed Hypersensitivity: Td
iii.Control: Th and Ts
D.Inflammation
1. Introduction
2. Acute Response
a. Initiation
b. Events
i.Arteriolar Dilation
ii.Increased CHP
iii.Margination
iv.Endothelial Retraction
v.Cellular Arrival
3. Role of Mast Cells
a. Description of Cells
b. Action
c. Stimuli
d. Stored Chemicals
i.Histamine
ii.Neutrophil Chemotactic Factor
iii.ECF-A
e. New Chemicals
i.Leukotrienes
ii.Prostaglandins
4. Plasma Proteins
a. Arrival
b. Complement System
i.Description
ii.Major Actions
iii.Activation
c. Clotting Proteins
d. Kinin System
5. System Manifestations
a. Fever
b. Leukocytosis
c. Increased Plasma Proteins
6. Chronic Inflammation
a. Description
b. Result
7. Exudation
a. Function
b. Types
i.Serous Exudate
ii.Fibrinous Exudate
iii.Purulent/Suppurative Exudate
iv.Hemorrhagic Exudate
8. Healing
a. Initial Steps
i.Sealing
ii.Clot dissolution
iii.Macrophage Secretions
iv.Granulation Tissue Formation
v.Collagen Organization
vi.Wound Contraction
vii.Epithelialization
b. Maturation
c. Dysfunctional Healing
i. Initial Healing Problems
(a). Big Clots
(b). Adhesions
(c). Inadequate Macrophages
ii.During Reconstruction
(a). Impaired Collagen Synthesis
(b). Excessive Collagen Synthesis
(c). Impaired Epithelialization
(d). Dehiscense
(e). Excessive Contraction
E. Abnormal Immunity
1. Hypersensitivity
a. Introduction
i.Definition
ii.Includes:
(a). Allergies
(b). Autoimmunity
(c). Isoimmunity
b. Types
i.IgE-Mediated (Type I)
(a). Occurrence
(b). Mechanism
(c). Clinical Examples
ii.Tissue-Specific Reactions (Type II)
(a). Action
(b). Destruction Types
iii. Immune Complex Reactions (Type III)
iv.Cell-mediated Reactions (Type IV)
(a). Action
(b). Clinical Examples
c. Mechanisms of Hypersensitivity
i.Allergy
(a). Agent
(b). Examples
(c). Neoantigens
ii.Autoimmunity
(a). Definition
(b). Mechanisms
2. Deficiencies
a. Introduction
i. Definition
ii. Types
iii.Clinical Signs
(a). Normal Infection Rate
(b). Possible Signs
iv.Problems of Deficiency
b. Congental Deficiencies
i. Hypogammaglobulinemia
ii. SCID
iii.Selective IgA Deficiency
c. Acquired Deficiencies
i.Nutritional Deficiencies
(a). Protein/Calorie
(b). Zinc
(c). Vitamins
ii.Iatrogenic Causes
(a). Drugs
(b). Surgery/Anesthesia
iii.Burns
iv.Emotional Stress
v.AIDS
F. Neoplasms
1. Introduction
a. Neoplasm
b. Benign
c. Malignant
2. Nomenclature
a. Naming
b. Carcinoma in situ
3. Malignant Cell Characteristics
a. List
b. Terms
c. Grading
d. Staging
e. Growth Rates
f. Spread
i.Direct Invasion
ii.Lytic Enzymes
iii.Active Movement
iv.Barriers
v.Metastasis
vi.Implantation
4. Clinical Manifestations
a. Pain
b. Cachexia
i.Description
ii.Appetite Changes
iii.Weight Loss
iv.Anemia
c. Leukopenia/Thrombocytopenia
d. Infection
II. Syst
A. Neurologic Dysfunction
1. Consciousness
a. Definition
b. Physical Basis
c. Pathophysiology
i.Agents
ii.Signs
(a). Level of Consciousness
(b). Breathing Patterns
(c). Pupillary Response
(d). Oculomotor Responses
(e). Motor Responses
2. Results of Lesions
a. Severe Results
b. Thought Content Alterations
i. Acute
ii. Subacute/Chronic
c. Seizures
i. Definition
ii. Causes
iii. Manifestations
d. Motor Function Alterations
i. Muscle Mass Abnormalities
ii. Muscle Strength Abnormalities
iii. Tone Abnormalities
iv. Postural Abnormalities
v. Abnormal Movements
vi. Hyperkinesia/Dyskinesia
e. Emotional Alterations
f. Unifocal Cortical Function Alterations
i.Agnosias
ii.Dyspraxia
iii.Dysphasia/Aphasia
g. Cerebral Homeostasis Alterations
i.Intracranial Pressure
ii. Cerebral Edema
(a). Vasogenic
(b). Cytotoxic
(c). Ischemic
(d). Interstitial
3. Specific CNS Lesions
a. Trauma
i.Closed-Head Trauma
(a). Injuries
(b). Maximum Effect
(c). Types:
Concussion
Contusions/Lacerations
Extradural Hematoma
Subdural Hematoma
ii. Spinal Cord Trauma
(a). Frequency
(b). Population
(c). Force
(d). Injury
(e). Spinal Shock
b. Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)
i. Population
ii. Timing
iii. Types
iv. Clinical Information
c. CNS Tumors
i.Introduction
ii. Primary Intracerebral: Gliomas
(a). Glioblastoma
(b). Astrocytoma
(c). Oligodendroglioma
iii. Primary Extracerebral Tumors
(a). Meningioma
(b). Neurilemmoma
d. Infection/Inflammation
i. Meningitis
(a). Types
(b). Manifestations
ii. Encephalitis
e. Degenerative Diseases of CNS
i. Parkinson Disease
(a). Classification
(b). Pathophysiology
(c). Course
ii.Multiple Sclerosis
B. Endocrine Disorders
1. SIADH
a. Description
b. Cause
c. Results
2. Thyroid Dysfunction
a. Normal Function
b. Hyperthyroidism
i. Results
ii. Cause
c. Hypothyroidism
i. Causes
ii. Manifestations
3. Pancreas: Diabetes
a. Introduction
b. Types
i. Type I
(a). Cause
(b). Population
(c). Manifestations
(d). Classic Description
ii.Type II
(a). Cause
(b). Population
(c). Manifestations
iii. Gestational Diabetes
(a). Description
(b). Course
c. Complications
i. Hypoglycemia
ii. Ketoacidosis
iii. Microvascular Changes
iv. Neuropathy
v. Nephropathy
vi. Macrovascular Disease
vii. Combination
4. Reproductive System
a. Female
i. Primary Dysmenorrhea
(a). Description
(b). Cause
(c). Other PG Effects
ii.Amenorrhea
(a). Primary
(b). Secondary
iii. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
(a). Description
(b). Manifestations
(c). Complications
iv. Vaginitis
(a). Description
(b). Occurrence
(c). Characterizations
v. Disorders of Pelvic Relaxation
(a). Description
(b). Varieties
vi. Proliferations
(a). Ovarian Cysts
(b). Endometriosis
b. Male
i. Urethritis
(a). Description
(b). Common Varieties
(c). Symptoms
ii. Scrotal Disorders
(a). Varicocele
(b). Hydrocele
iii. Prostate Disorders
(a). Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy
(b). Prostatitis
C. Hematologic Disorders
1. Anemia
a. Definition
b. Classification
c. Manifestations
i. Causes
ii. Symptoms
d. Types
i. Macrocytic-Normochromic
ii. Microcytic-Hypochromic
iii. Normocytic-Normochromic
2. Abnormal WBC Function
a. Infectious Mononucleosis
i.Cause
ii.Appearance
iii.Course
b. Leukemias
i.Meaning
ii.Classification
iii.Examples
iv.Acute Leukemias
v.Chronic Leukemias
c. Multiple Myeloma
i.Description
ii.Manifestations
d. Lymphoma
i.Description
ii.Hodgkin Disease
iii.Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
D. Cardiovascular Disease
1. Arterial Disease
a. Arteriosclerois
i. Meaning
ii. Result
b. Atherosclerosis
i. Meaning
ii. Development
iii. Manifestations
2. Hypertension
a. Meaning
b. Types
c. Primary vs. Secondary
d. Chronic Results
3. Aneurysm
a. Meaning
b. Cause
c. Locations
d. Manifestations
4. Venous Disease
a. Varicose Veins
i. Description
ii. Cause
b. Chronic Venous Insufficiency
i. Meaning
ii. Results
5. Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
a. Meaning
b. Prevelance
c. Risks
i. Non-modifiable
ii. Modifiable
(a). Hyperlipidemia
(b). Hypertension
(c). Nicotine
(d). Diabetes
(e). Obesity
6. Myocardial Ischemia
a. Description
b. Result: Angina Pectoris
i. Description
ii. Cause
iii. Timing
iv. Appearance
v. Types
(a). Stable
(b). Unstable
(c). Printzmetal
c. Manifestations
i. Ventricular Gallop
ii. ECG
iii. Angiography
7. Myocardial Infarction (MI)
a. Causes
b. Events
i. First 8-10 Seconds
ii. 30-60 Seconds
iii. 20 Minutes
c. Functional Changes
d. Repair
e. Manifestations
i. Anginal Pain
ii. Sympathetic Stimulation
iii. Fever
iv. Lab Results
v. ECG
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BIO3020
2009 Audio/Blackboard
September 9, 2009
September 11, 2009
September 14, 2009
September 16, 2009
September 18, 2009
September 21, 2009
September 23, 2009
September 28, 2009
September 30, 2009
October 2, 2009
October 5, 2009
October 9, 2009
October 12, 2009
October 14, 2009
October 19, 2009
October 21, 2009
October 23, 2009
October 26, 2009
October 28, 2009
October 30, 2009
November 4, 2009
November 9, 2009
November 11, 2009
November 13, 2009
November 18. 2009
November 20, 2009
November 23, 2009
November 30, 2009
December 2, 2009
December 7, 2009
December 9, 2009
December 11, 2009
December 14, 2009
December 16, 2009
September 3, 2008
September 5, 2008
September 8, 2008
September 10, 2008
September 12, 2008
September 15, 2008
September 17, 2008
September 22, 2008
September 24, 2008
September 26, 2008
September 29, 2008
October 3, 2008
October 6, 2008
October 8, 2008
October 13, 2008
October 15, 2008
October 17, 2008
October 20, 2008
October 22, 2008
October 24, 2008
October 29, 2008
November 3, 2008
November 5, 2008
November 7, 2008
November 10, 2008
November 12, 2008
November 14, 2008
November 17, 2008
November 19, 2008
November 24, 2008
December 01, 2008
December 03, 2008
December 05, 2008
December 08, 2008
December 10, 2008
Lectures from 2007
September 5, 2007
September 7, 2007
September 10, 2007
September 12, 2007
September 14, 2007
September 17, 2007
September 19, 2007
September 24, 2007
September 26, 2007
September 28, 2007
October 1, 2007
October 5, 2007
October 8, 2007
October 10, 2007
October 15, 2007
October 17, 2007
October 19, 2007
October 22, 2007
October 24, 2007
October 26, 2007
October 31, 2007
November 5, 2007
November 7, 2007
November 9, 2007
November 12, 2007
November 14, 2007
November 16, 2007
November 19, 2007
November 26, 2007
November 28, 2007
December 3, 2007
December 5, 2007
December 7, 2007
December 10, 2007
December 12, 2007
December 14, 2007
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