Pathology slides

PATHOLOGY CONSPECT
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  1. Subject, tasks and methods of pathology.

  2. Health and disease. Main trends in pathology (etiology, pathogenesis, morfogeneza, sanogeneza, tanatogeneza).



  3. Death: clinical and biological. Signs of biological death.

  4. Cellular damage. Definition. Degeneration of substrate types, and localization

   incidence. Causal factors. Patogenetichni morfogenetichni and mechanisms.

  5. Cellular damage - definition. Categories cellular damage. Acute

   reversible cell damage. Cellular edema. Balloon (hidropichna) degeneration.

  6. Svrahnormno accumulation of substances in the cell. Mechanisms. Svrahnormno

   accumulation of proteins (hialinno-drip degeneration of cells and Mallory

   cells of Russel) and carbohydrates. Methods of proof.

  7. Disorders of lipid metabolism. Parenhimatozna mezenhimna and fat

   degeneration. Accumulation of cholesterol and cholesterol esters. Modes of

   proof. Total obesity. Lipomatosis. Cachexy.

  8. Lizozomalni diseases of accumulation (tezaurizmozi) - common characteristic.

   Lipidozi (disease Gaucher, disease Niemann-Pick, disease Tay-Sacks, disease

   Hand-Schuller-Christian) and glikogenozi.

  9. Disorders in the metabolism of the pigments. Classification. Accumulation of exogenous

   pigments.

10. Accumulations of iron-containing pigment hemoglobinogenni.

11. Hemoglobinogenni accumulation of pigments that contain iron. Jaundice.

12. Disorders in the metabolism and accumulation proteinogenni (triptofanovi-tyrosine) and

   lipidogenni native pigments.

13. Pathology of the intercellular substance of connective tissue. Quantitative

   accumulations of fibrilerni interstitsiuma structures.

14. Svrahnormno accumulation of substances in the intercellular substance of

   connective tissue. Mukoidno swelling. Fibrinoid. Hialinoza - species.

15. Amyloidosis. Common physical-chemical characteristics. Classification. Basic types

   according to their composition. Methods of proof.

16. Types of amyloidosis, according to the causes and incidence of the process. Organ

   events. Diagnostics.

17. Disorders in the metabolism of calcium and copper. Abnormal accumulation of salts

   uric acid.

18. Cell death. Nekrobioza. Necrosis: definition, types (coagulation and

   sazeozna; kolikvatsionna), nuclear and cytoplasmic morphological changes.

19. Clinico-anatomical forms of necrosis (infarction, gangrene, dekubitus, sekvestar,

   genital mutilation, steatonekroza, oleogranulomi, fibrinodna necrosis Nomat). Evolution and

   outputs.

20. Apoptosis. Definition, differences between apoptosis and necrosis. Role of apoptosis

   in pathology.

21. Circulatory disorders: an overview, local and general circulatory

   disorders. Changes in the quantity of blood. Arterial hyperaemia.

22. Venous plethora (congestion). Acute and chronic left-sided heart

   failure - morphological changes.

23. Venous plethora. Acute and chronic right heart failure --

   morphological changes. Local venous plethora.

24. Ischemia: definition, types, complications.

25. Bleeding and bleeding. Plazmoragiya. Terminology, mechanisms, outputs.

26. Rheological disorders: prestaza, stasis, sludge-phenomenon.

27. Thrombosis. Definition and morfogeneza. Macro-and microscopic characteristics.

   Difference between post-mortem thrombus and clot.

28. Thrombosis. Construction of clots, thrombi types, complications and evolution.

29. Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIK syndrome).

30. Embolism. Definition. Embolii types of distribution according to road

   them: arterial and venous, ortogradna, retrograde and paradoxical embolism.

31. Pulmonary embolism: causes, proving complications and exits.

32. Embolii types according to their substrate: air, gas, fat, amnialna,

   bacterial, parazitarna, tumor cell. Comparison of embolism and metastasis.

33. Infarction. Definition. Species. Morphological characteristics of anemic infarction.

34. Infarction. Definition. Species. Morfogeneza a bleeding stroke.

   Haemorrhagic infartsirane.

35. Shock. Definition patogenetichni types morphological changes.

36. Limfoobrashtenieto disorders. Terminology. Complications.

37. Changes in the amount of tissue fluid. Dehydration. Edema: definition,

   patogenetichni species. Pulmonary and cerebral edema.

38. Inflammation. Definition. Terminology. Key features. Etiologic factors

   external and internal environment.

39. Inflammation. Phases of the inflammatory process. Pathogenesis of and morfogeneza

   inflammation. Plasma and cellular mediators.

40. Morfogeneza of acute (exudative) inflammation. And hemodynamic

   permeabilitetni changes mikrotsirkulatsiyata.Levkotsitna emigration and phagocytosis.

41. Cell types in an outbreak of acute and chronic inflammations.

42. Exudative inflammation. Morphology, complications and outputs.

43. Productive inflammation: forms and morphological characteristics of diffuse

   productive inflammation.

44. Nonspecific and specific "productive Granulomatous inflammation. Morphology

   granuloma type of "foreign body" tuberkul, rubber, lepra in granulomas, sarcoidosis,

   felinoza, toxoplasmosis, glanders, rinoskleroma.

45. Pathology of immunity. Hypersensitivity reactions and anaphylactoid

   cytotoxic type (first and second type).

46. Pathology of immunity. Hypersensitivity reactions and imunokompleksen

   delayed (third and fourth type).

47. Pathology of immunity - species. Autoimmune diseases.

48. Pathology of immunity. Syndromes of congenital and acquired immunodeficiency.

49. Compensatory processes: hypertrophy and hyperplasia.

50. Atrophy - definition, types, morphological characteristics.

51. Metaplaziya - definition, types, morphological characteristics, complications.

52. Regeneration. Restitution and substitution. Factors affecting recovery

   processes.

53. Wound healing. Regeneration of bone tissue.

54. Tumors. Definition and nature. Biology of tumor growth (irreversibility,

   relative autonomy, the impact on the body, metastatic).

55. Etiology of tumors. Chemical, physical, genetic and viral carcinogenicity. Role

   growth factor.

56. Incidence and spread of tumors. Terminology. Construction of tumors.

   Classification.

57. Morphological characteristics of tumors. Differences between benign and

   malignant tumors. Tissue and cellular atipizam.

58. Morfogeneza of tumors. Monotsentrichna theory and multicentre

   occurrence. Biological basis of invasion of malignant tumors.

59. Precancerous. Dysplasia. Carcinoma in situ.

60. Metastases of tumors.

61. Degree of differentiation and stadiynost in the development of tumors. TNM-system.

62. Construction and shape of tumors - macroscopic and microscopic characteristics.

   Role of immunohistochemical markers in the diagnosis of tumors.

63. Kinetics of tumor process: neproliferirashta and proliferating fraction.

   Population composition of tumor parenchyma.

64. Benign tumors of epithelial origin.

65. Malignant tumors of epithelial origin.

66. Dobrokachesstveni mezenhimen tumors of origin.

67. Mezenhimen malignant tumors of origin.

68. Tumors of the central nervous system - a common characteristic.

69. Tumors of the sheaths of nerve cells. Tumors of the meninges.

70. Tumoropodobni tumors and entities of pigment tissue. Teratogenic tumors.

Syllabus
Of Clinical Pathology
for students of medicine fourth year, 2009/2010 academic year

1. Atherosclerosis. Risk factors. Pathogenesis and Morphogenesis.
2. Atherosclerosis. Stages. Organ damage.
3. Hypertension: types, etiology and pathogenesis.
4. Morphogenesis of vascular lesions in benign and malignant
    hypertension, organ damage.
5. Pulmonary hypertension - primary and secondary. Acute and chronic pulmonary heart.
6. Ischemic heart disease. Morphogenesis, classification, forms of angina.
     HIBS. Sudden cardiac death.
7. Myocardial infarction. Risk factors. Species. Evolution and complications.
8. Systemic connective tissue disease - a common feature.
    Rheumatism: definition, etiology and pathogenesis, major events.
9. Rheumatic heart disease. Rheumatic endocarditis, morfologichnistadii.
     Rheumatic myocarditis and pericarditis.
10. Rheumatic valvular defects: morphological characteristics, hemodynamic
       disorders and organ complications.
11. Infective endocarditis - acute and subacute: etiology, pathogenesis, morphology and complications.
12. Abakterialni and degenerative endocarditis (endocarditis of Libman-Saks, prolapse
       mitral valve, degenerative calcification of the aortic valve marantichen
       endocarditis).
13. Cardiomyopathy: dilated, hypertrophic and restrictive.
14. Specific diseases of the myocardium. Myocarditis - infectious and neifektsiozni.
15. Diseases of the pericardium: pericarditis and pericardial effusion.
16. Congenital heart defects: septal defects and inter -
      dukamernata barrier, persistent Botalov Strait, coarctation of the aorta
      Congenital transposition of the trunk vessels.
17. Systemic lupus erythematosus: definition, etiology and pathogenesis, morphological
       amendments.
18. Rheumatoid arthritis: definition, pathogenesis, Morphogenesis of articular lesions
      skin and vascular changes, clinical course.
19. Systemic sclerosis. Dermatomyositis. Polymyositis. Syndrome Sjogren.
20. Vasculitis. Temporal arteritis. Arteritis Takayasu. Polyarteritis nodosa.
21. Local vasculitis: infectious arteritis, trombangiit obliterans syndrome,
       Raynaud.
22. Aneurysms. Dissection of the aorta. Varices, flebotromboza and thrombophlebitis.
23. Inflammatory diseases and tumors of the nose and paranasal sinuses. Tumors
      larynx.
24. Inflammatory diseases of the trachea and bronchi: acute tracheitis, bronchitis and
       bronchiolitis. Chronic bronchitis. Bronchiectasis.
25. Pneumonia: definition and overview. Lobar pneumonia: definition
       etiology, Morphogenesis, morphological stages, complications and outcomes.
26. Focal pneumonia: definition, etiology, pathogenesis, morphological
       features. Interstitial, and chronic viral pneumonia.
27. Abscess and gangrene of the lung. Atelectasis.
28. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Pulmonary emphysema: a definition
      Classification, complications.
29. Bronchial asthma. Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis.
30. Pneumoconiosis - an overview. Silicosis: forms and complications.
31. Lung cancer: incidence and prevalence, etiology, Morphogenesis,
       morphology. Metastasis. Complications.
32. Pleurisy and tumors of the pleura.
33. Inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity. Stomatitis, glossitis and angina:
       etiology, morphologic changes, complications.
34. Diseases of teeth and okolozabniya apparatus: caries, pulpitis, periodontitis,
       radikularna cyst periodontal disease.
35. Tumors of the jaw bone and tumoropodobni processes of the soft tissues of
       oral cavity. Epulis.
36. Sialoadeniti and tumors slyunnite glands.
37. Diseases of the esophagus:-hiatus hernia, diverticula, esophagitis, gastro -
       esophageal reflux, Barrett's esophagus.
38. Tumors of the esophagus.
39. Acute and chronic gastritis. Etiology, Morphogenesis, clinical and morphological
       forms complications.
40. Acute and chronic ulcers of the stomach and duodenum. Definition
       etiology, pathogenesis and Morphogenesis. Morphological picture.
41. Chronic ulcers of the stomach and duodenum. Complications.
42. Benign tumors of the stomach - epithelial and mesenchymal. Early cancer
       stomach - morphology.
43. Malignant tumors of the stomach. Etiology, pathogenesis, classification,
       morphological characteristics, metastasis.
44. Inflammatory bowel disease: acute and chronic enteritis. Acute and
      chronic non-specific colitis. Ulcerative colitis. Disease of Crohn.
45. Benign and malignant tumors of the colon.
46. Bowel obstruction. Peritonitis.
47. Acute appendicitis - morphology and complications. Tumors of the appendix.
48. Acute viral hepatitis: etiology, pathogenesis, morphological and biological
      features of hepatitis A, B and C.
49. Chronic hepatitis: aetiology, classification, clinical and morphological
      forms of evolution.
50. Toxic hepatitis. Acute toxic degeneration of the liver.
51. Liver cirrhosis: definition, etiology, classification. Morphogenesis.
52. Liver cirrhosis: basic morphological types. Complications.

53. Cholecystitis: etiology, types, morphological characteristics, complications.
       Cholelithiasis.
54. Tumors of the liver, bile duct and gallbladder.
55. Inflammatory diseases and tumors of the exocrine pancreas.
56. Anemia: definition, etiology, classification. Acute and chronic sledkravoizlivna
       anemia.
57. Pernitsiozna, foil, and iron deficiency anemia.
58. Aplastic anemia. Idiopathic thrombocytopenia.
59. Myelogenous malignancies. Acute myelogenous leukosis (leukemia).
60. Myelogenous malignancies. Chronic myelogenous leukosis.
61. Hyperplastic and inflammatory processes in the lymph nodes: chronic nonspecific
       and granulomatous lymphadenitis.
62. Malignancy of lymphoid tissue. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia /
       lymphoma. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (small lymphocytic lymphoma).
63. Myeloma disease. Solitary myeloma (plasmacytoma).
64. General characteristics and classification approach for Non-Hodgkin's malignant
       lymphomas.
65. Disease Hodgkin: etiology and pathogenesis, classification, prognosis.
66. Primary glomerulopatii (glomerulonephritis). Pathogenesis and Morphogenesis.
       Directory approach.
67. Glomerulonephritis occurring with nephritic syndrome: diffuse endokapilyaren
      proliferative glomerulonephritis. Rapidly progressive (polulunen) glomerulonephritis.
       Pulmonary-renal syndrome Goodpasture.
68. Glomerulonephritis occurring with nephrotic syndrome: minimal disease
       changes, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, mezangiokapilyaren
       glomerulonephritis.
69. Glomerulonephritis occurring with nephrotic syndrome: IgA-nephropathy and
       Membranous nephropathy. Diffuse sclerosing glomerulonephritis.
70. Acute and chronic pyelonephritis: etiology, pathogenesis, morphology, complications.
71. Acute renal failure. Ischemic and nephrotoxic acute tubular necrosis.
72. Renal stone disease. Etiology. Types of concretion. Complications. Polycystic
       kidney.
73. Nefrosklerozi: classification approach macroscopic characteristic. Morphology
       chronic renal failure.
74. Tumors of the kidney and bladder.
75. Diseases of the cervix. Precancerous conditions (CPS). Mikroinvaziven,
       invasive squamous and adenocarcinoma. Morphological diagnosis. Forecast.
76. Chronic endometritis, endometriosis, endometrial hyperplasia, etiology,
       morphology.
77. Benign and malignant tumors of the uterine body.
78. Ovarian tumors: classification, key representatives
       biological characteristics. Metastatic ovarian tumors.
79. Abortion and ectopic pregnancy: cause, morphology, complications.
80. Molar pregnancy and horionkartsinoma. Postnatal sepsis.
81. Inflammatory and fibrotic, cystic changes of the breast.
82. Benign and malignant breast tumors: morphology and
       staging.
83. Tumors of the testis and epididymis.
84. Hyperplasia and tumors of the prostate gland. Complications.
85. Tumors of the anterior pituitary. Hiperpituitarizam: Acromegaly.
       Gigantism. Disease Cushing. Hypopituitarism: Nanizam. Syndrome
       Sheehan.Adipozo-genital dystrophy. Diabetes insipidus. Kraniofaringeom.
86. Hyperplastic thyroid disease. Hyper-and hypothyroidism.
87. Hashimoto: etiology, pathogenesis, morphological characteristics.
88. Tumors of the thyroid gland.
89. Diseases of okoloshtitovidnite glands. Hyper-and hypoparathyroidism.

90. Diseases of the adrenal gland: chronic and acute adrenal
       failure. Overactive adrenal cortex. Adrenal tumors.
91. Diabetes mellitus. Tumors of the endocrine pancreas.
92. Serous viral meningitis. Viral polioentsefaliti. Demyelinating
       encephalomyelitis and neuropathy.
93. Bacterial meningitis and meningoencephalitis: epidemic cerebrospinal
       meningitis nemeningokokov leptomeningit purulent, tuberculous meningitis and
       menigoentsefalit. Nevrolues.
94. Astrotsitni tumors - species. Glioblastoma multiforme. Morphological and
       biological characteristic.
95. Tumors ependimnata gliya and horioideus plexus. Meduloblastom. Morphological and
       biological characteristic.
96. Tumors of the meninges and shvanovite cells. Species. Morphological and
       biological characteristic.
97. Hydrocephalus: definition, etiology, pathogenesis, classification.
98. Tuberculosis: general characteristics and classification. Primary tuberculosis.
99. Hematogenna tuberculosis. Basic forms.
100. Secondary tuberculosis. Forms. Complications.
101. Acquired syphilis: epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis. Primary, secondary and
         tertiary lues.
102. Congenital syphilis. Clinical and anatomical forms.
103. Sepsis.
104. Measles.
105. Streptococcal infections. Scarlet fever.
106. Diphtheria: etiology, pathogenesis, morphological characteristics.
107. AIDS. Opportunistic infections.
108. Toxoplasmosis.
109. Echinococcosis.
110. Principles of construction and comparison of clinical and pathological
         diagnosis: diagnostic categories and priorities (CHD, cerebrovascular disease, sepsis, yatrogeniya).

Macroscops for 4th class :

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1-Amyloid necrotic kıdney
2-Ischemıc Infarctıon of Kıdney
3-Ischemıc Infarctıon of the Spleen
4-sago spleen
5-glased(frosting) spleen
6-atty degeneratıon of lıver
7-muscat liver
8-cavernous hemangıomas of lıver
9-hypertensive heart
10-recent heart attact
11-pınpoınt bleedıng of braın whıte matter
12-brain hemorrhagıa
13-anthracosis pulmonis
14-appendicitis phlegmonoza
15-brown ınduratıon-hemorrhagıa ınfarct of lung
16-fibrinogen perycartıtıs
17-hydrocephalus
18-krupozna pneumonıa
19-obturinasth thrombus ın abdomınal aorta
20-pleuformal salivary gland adenoma- mıxed tumour
21-pleural shvarta
22-pyogenic leptomeningitis
23-teratoma ovary

Ruzgar Miroglu